Cover of “Medical Microbiology, Virology and Immunology. Lecture Notes”

Medical Microbiology, Virology and Immunology. Lecture Notes

M. N. Artamonova, N. I. Potaturkina-Nesterova, N. A. Ilyina, I. S. Nemova

  • ГЭОТАР-Медиа
  • 2020
  • 352 pages

Medical subjects

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The textbook consists of three units: Microbiology, Virology and Immunology, each of which includes the main topics of the curriculum in these disciplines. Each topic is presented with a chapter, including the main questions of the topic, answers to them, as well as self-check and clinical cases that help students to understand studied material and check up the knowledge gained. The material is illustrated with pictures, diagrams and tables.

The book is written in accordance with the program of teaching disciplines Microbiology, Virology and Immunology approved offi cially. Textbook “Medical Microbiology, Virology and Immunology. Lecture notes” is destined for students who study the disciplines Microbiology, Virology and Immunology in English in the medical universities of the Russian Federation.

  1. 01Preface
  2. 02Part 1. General Microbiology, Immunology
    1. Unit 1. General Microbiology
      1. Lecture 1. Subject and aims of medical microbiology. Morphology and taxonomy of microorganisms. Microscopic research method
        1. Question 1. The subject of medical microbiology and its importance in practical health care. The history of microbiology
        2. Question 2. Taxonomy, system and nomenclature of microorganisms
        3. Question 3. Microbiology research methods
        4. Question 4. Simple and complex staining techniques. The mechanism of smear staining. Staining properties of microorganisms
        5. Question 5. Light microscope, its main characteristics. Types of light microscopy (dark-field, fluorescent). Immersion microscopy principles. Electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy
        6. Question 6. Morphology of bacteria
        7. Question 7. Structure of the bacterial cell: genome, cytoplasm, ribosome. Structure, functions and methods of detection
        8. Question 8. Shell of bacteria: cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall, capsule. Structure, functions and methods of detection
        9. Question 9. Flagella, fimbria (pili). Structure, functions and methods of detection
        10. Question 10. Bacterial spores. Its role and structural features. Spore formation and methods of detection
      2. Lecture 2. Physiology of microorganisms. Metabolism. Nutrition and respiration of bacteria. Cultivation of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria
        1. Question 1. Anabolism and catabolism
        2. Question 2. Mechanisms of nutrients transmission in the bacterial cell
        3. Question 3. Autotrophs and heterotrophs, auxotrophs and prototrophs
        4. Question 4. Classification of culture (nutrient) media
        5. Question 5. Simple and complex nutrient medium
        6. Question 6. Method for isolation of the pure culture
        7. Question 7. Growth phases of bacteria on culture medium
        8. Question 8. Mechanism of bacterial respiration. Aerobes and anaerobes
        9. Question 9. Methods of cultivation of anaerobic bacteria: culture media, equipment
        10. Question 10. The main groups of bacteria enzymes
        11. Question 11. Enzymes in the identification of bacteria. Carbohydrate-splitting enzymes. Proteolytic enzymes
        12. Question 12. Peptolytic enzymes
        13. Question 13. Bacterial enzymes of pathogenicity
        14. Question 14. Isolation of pure culture of aerobes
        15. Question 15. Isolation of pure culture of anaerobes
      3. Lecture 3. Viruses. bacteriophages. Genetics of microorganisms. Biotechnology in microbiology. Molecular-genetic methods of diagnosis
        1. Question 1. Classification of viruses. Virus and virion
        2. Question 2. Morphology of viruses. the functions of RNA and DNA
        3. Question 3. Chemical composition of nucleoprotein. Enzymes
        4. Question 4. Cultivation of viruses
        5. Question 5. Interaction of viruses with the host cell. The mechanism of transcription and replication of the viral genome
        6. Question 6. The mechanism of DNA and RNA viral integration into the cellular genome
        7. Question 7. Ways of the transmission of viral infections
        8. Question 8. Phage composition and structure
        9. Question 9. The mechanism of interaction between phages and the bacterial cell
        10. Question 10. Virulent and temperate phages. Lysogenesis
        11. Question 11. Prions. Diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of prion diseases
        12. Question 12. Genotype and phenotype of bacteria
        13. Question 13. Extrachromosomal genetic elements (factors) in bacteria — plasmids, transposons, insertion sequence; its role
        14. Question 14. Forms of variability in microorganisms
        15. Question 15. Mutations, kinds of mutations in bacteria
        16. Question 16. Genetic recombination in bacteria (transformation, transduction, conjugation)
        17. Question 17. The theoretical and practical importance of genetics: molecular-biological methods of diagnosis. The practical using of genetic engineering
      4. Lecture 4. Infection: the role of microorganisms in infectious process. Microbiological basics of antimicrobial therapy (antibiotics)
        1. Question 1. The notion of infection and infectious disease. The clinical forms of infection
        2. Question 2. Exogenous and endogenous infections. The term «entrance gate» and «infective dose»
        3. Question 3. Sources, routes, and mechanisms of infections transmission
        4. Question 4. Local and generalized infectious process. Dissemination of microorganisms within the body. bacteremia, viremia, toxaemia, sepsis, pyemia
        5. Question 5. Classification of infections
        6. Question 6. Pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Periods of infection
        7. Question 7. The pathogenicity and virulence of microorganisms, evaluation of virulence
        8. Question 8. Virulence factors: adherence, invasiveness, toxin production, aggresiveness
        9. Question 9. Toxigenicity. Exotoxins and endotoxins
        10. Question 10. Exotoxins. Classification of action mechanism
        11. Question 11. Endotoxins. The chemical compound, action on the macroorganism
        12. Question 12. The notion of antibiotics, its discovery
        13. Question 13. Classification of antibiotics
        14. Question 14. The mechanism of action of antibiotics on microbial cells
        15. Question 15. Methods of determination of the bacterial sensitivity to antibiotics. Activity of antibiotics
        16. Question 16. The mechanism of bacterial resistance to antibiotics and how to deal with it
        17. Question 17. Side effects of antibiotics
      5. Lecture 5. Ecology of microorganisms. human microflora. Dysbiosis. Sanitary microbiology. Microflora of water, soil and air
        1. Question 1. Ecology of microorganisms. Forms of interspecies relationships
        2. Question 2. Role, value, and tasks of sanitary microbiology. Indicator microorganisms
        3. Question 3. Microflora of water. Methods of microbiological research of water. Indicator microorganisms of water
        4. Question 4. Microflora of soil. Methods of microbiological research of soil. Indicator microorganisms of soil
        5. Question 5. Microflora of air. Methods of microbiological research of air. Indicator microorganisms of air
        6. Question 6. The normal microflora of the human body and its significance
        7. Question 7. Factors that change the normal microflora of the organism. Dysbacteriosis, ways of its treatment
      6. Test for unit 1
    2. Unit 2. Immunology
      1. Lecture 1. Immunology as a science. Introduction in immunology
        1. Question 1. Immunology, its definition
        2. Question 2. The history of immunology, the main periods in the development of immunology
        3. Question 3. Sections of modern immunology. The concept of immunity. Classification of immunity
        4. Question 4. Structure of the immune system. The primary (central) organs of the immune system
        5. Question 5. The secondary organs of the immune system
        6. Question 6. The role of blood cells in immunity
        7. Question 7. The primary cell populations of the immune system
        8. Question 8. Scheme of the immune response
      2. Lecture 2. Innate immunity. Factors and mechanisms of the innate immunity. The concept of a non-specific (innate) immunity. The main barriers of nonspecific immunity
        1. Question 1. The concept of a non-specific (innate) immunity. The main barriers of nonspecific immunity
        2. Question 2. The innate immune factors — skin and mucous membranes
        3. Question 3. Lysozyme — chemical composition and function. Normal microflora in human immunity
        4. Question 4. Complement — chemical composition and functions
        5. Question 5. The activation of the complement system
        6. Question 6. Phagocytosis, mononuclear phagocyte system
        7. Question 7. The functions of phagocytes. Opsonins
        8. Question 8. Phagocytosis mechanism stage. «Oxygen explosion». Complete and incomplete phagocytosis
        9. Question 9. Cytokines — definition, properties. The therapeutic use of cytokines
        10. Question 10. Classification of cytokines
        11. Question 11. Cytokines: interleukins, interferons
        12. Question 12. Cytokines: tumour necrosis factor, colony-stimulating factors, transforming growth factor-β
        13. Question 13. Protective serum proteins
      3. Lecture 3. Antigens. Antibodies
        1. Question 1. Antigens: definition, chemical composition
        2. Question 2. The structure of the antigen
        3. Question 3. Properties of antigens: antigenicity, immunogenicity, specificity, foreignness
        4. Question 4. Classification antigens on its origin, the degree of immunogenicity
        5. Question 5. Classification of antigens by the immune response. Haptens. Adjuvants
        6. Question 6. The antigens of the human body
        7. Question 7. The antigens of bacteria, viruses. autoantigens
        8. Question 8. Antibodies: definition, structure
        9. Question 9. Immunoglobulin classes. serum immunoglobulins
        10. Question 10. The properties of antibodies
        11. Question 11. Phases of antibody production
        12. Question 12. Protective functions of antibodies
      4. Lecture 4. Hypersensitivity. Immunological memory. Immunological tolerance
        1. Question 1. Hypersensitivity, its definition. The definition of allergy. Stages of an allergic reaction
        2. Question 2. Classification of allergies
        3. Question 3. Type I of immediate-type hypersensitivity: anaphylaxis (mechanism of development, manifestations of anaphylaxis, its treatment). Anaphylactic shock
        4. Question 4. Type II of immediate hypersensitivity (cytotoxic): mechanisms of development, clinical manifestations
        5. Question 5. III type of immediate hypersensitivity reactions (immune complex), mechanisms of development, clinical manifestations
        6. Question 6. Delayed type of hypersensitivity: mechanism of development, manifestations of contact allergy
        7. Question 7. Classification of allergens. infectious allergy
        8. Question 8. Drug allergies: the immune response to the drug (haptens), clinical manifestations of drug allergy
        9. Question 9. Laboratory diagnosis of allergies
        10. Question 10. Immunological memory: concept, mechanisms
        11. Question 11. Immunological tolerance: concept, causes, mechanisms
      5. Lecture 5. Pathology of the immune system
        1. Question 1. The definition of immunodeficiency, the classification of immunodeficiencies
        2. Question 2. Primary immunodeficiencies: characteristics, classification
        3. Question 3. Primary immunodeficiencies: T-cell deficiencies
        4. Question 4. Primary immunodeficiencies: combined B-cell and T-cell deficiencies
        5. Question 5. Primary immunodeficiencies: disorders of the complement system (complement deficiencies)
        6. Question 6. Primary immunodeficiencies: phagocyte deficiencies
        7. Question 7. Secondary (acquired) immunodeficiency: causes, characteristics, classification
        8. Question 8. Clinical manifestations of immunodeficiency states
      6. Lecture 6. Evaluation of the immune status
        1. Question 1. Laboratory diagnosis of immunodeficiencies in children and adults: methods, assessment criteria, interpretation
        2. Question 2. Methods of assessing the immune status
        3. Question 3. The levels of evaluation of the immune status
        4. Question 4. First-stage tests (tentative)
        5. Question 5. The second-stage tests (analytical) in the evaluation of the immune status
        6. Question 6. General rules of immunogram evaluation
      7. Lecture 7. Serological tests: agglutination, precipitation test, complement fixation test, tests using labeled antibodies and antigens (ELISA, IFT, RIA)
        1. Question 1. Serological tests: definition, classification and practical use
        2. Question 2. Agglutination test: definition, mechanism, classification and practical use
        3. Question 3. Direct agglutination tests: mechanism and practical use
        4. Question 4. Indirect (passive) agglutination tests: mechanism and practical use
        5. Question 5. Precipitation reaction: identification, mechanism, types, practical use
        6. Question 6. Complement fixation test (CFT): the purpose of its carrying out, components, mechanisms
        7. Question 7. Labelling methods for detection antigen-antibody binding
        8. Question 8. Immunofluorescent test
        9. Question 9. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
        10. Question 10. Radioimmunoassay (RIA)
        11. Question 11. Western blotting (immunoblotting)
      8. Lecture 8. Specific prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. Therapeutic, prophylactic, and diagnostic immunological preparations
        1. Question 1. Immunoprophylaxis, immunotherapy: definitions
        2. Question 2. The history of immunisation
        3. Question 3. Vaccines — classification, characteristics
        4. Question 4. Complications after vaccines, contraindications to immunisation. scheme of vaccine use
        5. Question 5. The immunological antibody-based drugs. Classification. Characteristic (passive immunisation)
        6. Question 6. Rules of vaccines and serums injection. Routes of vaccine injection
      9. Lecture 9. Antiviral and antibacterial immunity. immunity in transplantation, cancer and immunity in mycoses. Immunity and age
        1. Question 1. Features of local immunity — skin and mucous membranes
        2. Question 2. Antibacterial and antitoxic immunity. Factors of antibacterial immunity
        3. Question 3. Antiviral immunity
        4. Question 4. Antifungal immunity
        5. Question 5. Immunity in protozoa and parasitic infections
        6. Question 6. Immunity in transplantation
        7. Question 7. Antitumor immunity
        8. Question 8. Immunity in pregnancy
        9. Question 9. Age features of immunity
      10. Test for unit 2
  3. 03Раrt 2. Special Microbiology, Mycology and Virology
    1. Unit 1. Special Bacteriology and Mycology
      1. Lecture 1. Pathogenic and opportunistic gram-positive and gram-negative cocci
        1. Question 1. Taxonomy and biological properties of Staphylococcus
        2. Question 2. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of diseases caused by Staphylococcus
        3. Question 3. Microbiological diagnosis, treatment and specific prevention of staphylococcal infections
        4. Question 4. Taxonomy and biological properties of Streptococcus
        5. Question 5. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of streptococcal infections
        6. Question 6. The microbiological diagnosis, treatment and specific prevention of streptococcal infections
        7. Question 7. Taxonomy and biological properties of Neisseria meningitidis
        8. Question 8. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of meningococcal infections
        9. Question 9. Microbiological diagnosis, treatment and specific prevention of meningococcal infections
        10. Question 10. Taxonomy and biological properties of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
        11. Question 11. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of gonococcal infections
        12. Question 12. Microbiological diagnosis, treatment and specific prevention of gonococcal infections
      2. Lecture 2. Pathogens of escherichiosis and dysentery. The causative agents of typhoid fever, gastroenteritis and cholera
        1. Question 1. Taxonomy and biological features of Escherichia coli
        2. Question 2. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of diseases caused by E. coli
        3. Question 3. Classification of pathogenic E. coli
        4. Question 4. Microbiological diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of E. coli-infections
        5. Question 5. Biological features of Salmonella
        6. Question 6. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of typhoid fever
        7. Question 7. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of gastroenteritis
        8. Question 8. Microbiological diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of typhoid fever and gastroenteritis
        9. Question 9. Biological features of Shigella
        10. Question 10. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of dysentery
        11. Question 11. Microbiological diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of dysentery
        12. Question 12. Biological features of Vibrio cholerae
        13. Question 13. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of cholera
        14. Question 14. Pathogenesis of cholera
        15. Question 15. Microbiological diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of cholera
      3. Lecture 3. Pathogens of diphtheria, whooping cough. Pathogens of legionellosis. Pathogenic mycobacteria
        1. Question 1. Biological features of Corynebacterium diphteriae
        2. Question 2. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of diphtheria
        3. Question 3. Microbiological diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of diphtheria
        4. Question 4. Biological features of Bordetella pertussis
        5. Question 5. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of whooping cough
        6. Question 6. Microbiological diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of whooping cough
        7. Question 7. Biological features of Mycobacterium
        8. Question 8. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of tuberculosis
        9. Question 9. Microbiological diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of tuberculosis
        10. Question 10. Biological features of Mycobacterium leprae
        11. Question 11. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of leprosy
        12. Question 12. Microbiological diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of leprosy
        13. Question 13. Biological features of Legionella pneumophila
        14. Question 14. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of Legionella-infections
        15. Question 15. Microbiological diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of Legionella-infections
      4. Lecture 4. Pathogens of zoonotic infections: plague and anthrax. Pathogens of brucellosis, tularemia
        1. Question 1. Biological properties of Yersinia pestis
        2. Question 2. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of plague
        3. Question 3. Microbiological diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of plague
        4. Question 4. Biological properties of Francisella tularensis
        5. Question 5. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of tularemia
        6. Question 6. Microbiological diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of tularemia
        7. Question 7. Biological properties of Brucella
        8. Question 8. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of brucellosis
        9. Question 9. Microbiological diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of brucellosis
        10. Question 10. Biological properties of Bacillus anthracis
        11. Question 11. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of anthrax
        12. Question 12. Microbiological diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of anthrax
      5. Lecture 5. The causative agents of gas gangrene, tetanus, botulism (anaerobic clostridia)
        1. Question 1. Biological properties of the causative agent of gas gangrene
        2. Question 2. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of gas gangrene
        3. Question 3. Microbiological diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of gas gangrene
        4. Question 4. Biological properties of Clostridium tetani
        5. Question 5. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of tetanus
        6. Question 6. Microbiological diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of tetanus
        7. Question 7. Biological properties of Clostridium botulinum
        8. Question 8. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of botulism
        9. Question 9. Microbiological diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of botulism
      6. Lecture 6. Pathogens of spirochetosis and leptospirosis
        1. Question 1. Biological properties of Treponema pallidum
        2. Question 2. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of syphilis
        3. Question 3. Microbiological diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of syphilis
        4. Question 4. Biological properties of Borrelia
        5. Question 5. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of relapsing fever and Lyme’s disease
        6. Question 6. Microbiological diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of relapsing fever and Lyme’s disease
        7. Question 7. Biological properties of Leptospira
        8. Question 8. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of leptospirosis
        9. Question 9. Microbiological diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of leptospirosis
      7. Lecture 7. Rickettsia and Chlamydia
        1. Question 1. Biological properties of Rickettsia
        2. Question 2. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of louse-borne and murium typhus
        3. Question 3. Microbiological diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of louse-borne and murium typhus
        4. Question 4. Biological properties of chlamydia
        5. Question 5. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of diseases caused by Chlamydia
        6. Question 6. Microbiological diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of Chlamydia-infections
      8. Lecture 8. Mycoplasma. Pathogenic and opportunistic fungi
        1. Question 1. Biological properties of Mycoplasma
        2. Question 2. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of diseases caused by Mycoplasma
        3. Question 3. Microbiological diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of Mycoplasma-infections
        4. Question 4. General characteristics of fungi
        5. Question 5. Classification of fungal diseases
        6. Question 6. Keratomycoses
        7. Question 7. Dermatomycoses
        8. Question 8. Subcutaneous mycoses
        9. Question 9. Deep mycoses
        10. Question 10. Opportunistic fungal infection-Candidasis
        11. Question 11. Microbiological diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of mycoses
      9. Lecture 9. Clinical microbiology. Aetiology and pathogenesis of nosocomial infections. The causative agents, properties and microbiological diagnostics of nosocomial infections
        1. Question 1. Clinical microbiology, its tasks
        2. Question 2. The causes of hospital (nosocomial) infections
        3. Question 3. Classification of (hospital) nosocomial infections
        4. Question 4. The main causative agents of nosocomial infections
        5. Question 5. The sources and transmission ways of hospital infections
        6. Question 6. Characteristics of opportunistic microorganisms that cause nosocomial infections
        7. Question 7. The features of nosocomial infections
        8. Question 8. Biological properties of bacteria Klebsiella
        9. Question 9. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of disease caused by Klebsiella
        10. Question 10. Microbiological diagnostics, treatment and prevention of Klebsiellosis
        11. Question 11. Classification and biological properties of Proteus
        12. Question 12. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of diseases caused by Proteus
        13. Question 13. Microbiological diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Proteus-infections
        14. Question 14. Biological properties of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
        15. Question 15. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of diseases caused by P. aeruginosa
        16. Question 16. Microbiological diagnostics, treatment and special prevention of Pseudomonas-infection
      10. Study cases
    2. Unit 2. Virology
      1. Lecture 1. Causative agents of viral respiratory diseases
        1. Question 1. Morphology and structure of Influenza virus. Antigenic shift and drift
        2. Question 2. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of influenza
        3. Question 3. Microbiological diagnosis, prophylaxis and treatment of influenza
        4. Question 4. Morphology and structure of Paramyxovirus
        5. Question 5. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of parainfluenza
        6. Question 6. Microbiological diagnosis, prophylaxis and treatment of parainfluenza
        7. Question 7. Morphology and structure of adenovirus
        8. Question 8. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of adenoviruses infections
        9. Question 9. Microbiological diagnosis, prophylaxis and treatment of adenoviral infections
      2. Lecture 2. Causative agents of enteroviral infections and infections of the nervous system. Viral agents of hemorrhagic fevers
        1. Question 1. The causative agent of poliomyelitis. Characteristics of virions. Antigens cultivation
        2. Question 2. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of poliomyelitis
        3. Question 3. Microbiological diagnosis of poliomyelitis. treatment and prophylaxis
        4. Question 4. The causative agent of rabies. Characteristics of virions. Antigens. Cultivation
        5. Question 5. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of rabies
        6. Question 6. Microbiological diagnosis of rabies. treatment and prophylaxis
        7. Question 7. Flaviviruses. Characteristics of virions. Antigens. Cultivation
        8. Question 8. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of tick-borne encephalitis, dengue, Omsk hemorrhagic fever
        9. Question 9. Microbiological diagnosis of tick-borne encephalitis, dengue, Omsk hemorrhagic fever
        10. Question 10. Bunyaviruses. Characteristics of virions. Antigens. Cultivation
        11. Question 11. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever
        12. Question 12. Microbiological diagnosis of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever. Treatment. Prophylaxis
        13. Question 13. Filoviruses. Characteristics of virions. Antigens. Cultivation
        14. Question 14. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of African hemorrhagic fevers
        15. Question 15. Microbiological diagnosis of African hemorrhagic fevers. Treatment. Prophylaxis
      3. Lecture 3. Herpesviruses. Viral agents of measles, rubella, mumps. Causative agents of slow infections
        1. Question 1. Characteristics of herpesviruses. Antigens. Cultivation
        2. Question 2. Epidemiology and pathogenesis infections caused by herpesviruses
        3. Question 3. Microbiological diagnosis of infections caused by herpesviruses
        4. Question 4. Morphology and structure of Morbillivirus and Paramyxovirus
        5. Question 5. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of mumps and measles
        6. Question 6. Microbiological diagnosis, prophylaxis and treatment of mumps and measles
        7. Question 7. Morphology and structure of Rubella virus
        8. Question 8. Microbiological diagnosis, prophylaxis and treatment of rubella
      4. Lecture 4. Hepatitis viral pathogens. Oncogenic viruses. Causative agents of AIDS
        1. Question 1. Characteristics of Hepatovirus (Hepatitis A). Antigens. Cultivation
        2. Question 2. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of hepatitis A
        3. Question 3. Microbiological diagnosis of hepatitis A
        4. Question 4. Characteristics of Orthohepadnavirus (Hepatitis B). Antigens. Cultivation
        5. Question 5. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of hepatitis B
        6. Question 6. Microbiological diagnosis of hepatitis B
        7. Question 7. Characteristics of Hepacivirus (Hepatitis C). Antigens. Cultivation
        8. Question 8. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of hepatitis C
        9. Question 9. Pathogenesis of HCV infection
        10. Question 10. Microbiological diagnosis of hepatitis C
        11. Question 11. Characteristics of Deltavirus (Hepatitis D)
        12. Question 12. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of hepatitis D
        13. Question 13. Microbiological diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of hepatitis D
        14. Question 14. Characteristics of hepatitis E virus
        15. Question 15. Epidemiology of HEV infection
        16. Question 16. Microbiological diagnosis of hepatitis E
        17. Question 17. Characteristics of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
        18. Question 18. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of HIV-infection
        19. Question 19. Microbiological diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of HIV-infection
        20. Question 20. Oncogenic viruses
      5. Study cases
  4. 04Key answers for Test
  5. 05List of literature

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