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Pathophysiology: сoncise lectures, tests, cases : tutorial guide

учебное пособие

Litvitsky P. F., Pirozhkov S. V., Budnik I. A.

  • ГЭОТАР-Медиа
  • 2025
  • 376 pages

Medical subjects

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The tutorial guide is intended for students studying the basic course of pathophysiology in English; it is organized according to the module principle and contains a summary of lectures on the specifi c topic, tests, clinico-pathophysiological and clinico-laboratory cases for training and assessment of knowledge, algorithms of resolving typical problems, as well as questions to prepare for classes, colloquia and fi nal examination in pathophysiology.

The 4th edition contains a discussion of the subject matter of pathophysiology, its aims, issues, methods, and constituent parts. It summarizes the main concepts of general nosology, etiology and pathogenesis. In a concise format or in a schematic form, it considers the causes, mechanisms of development, adaptive reactions, manifestations and outcomes of typical diseases aff ecting organs and physiological systems, including distinct syndromes and nosologic units.

Each topic of the pathophysiology course is supplied with a set of clinical case problems, tests for self-control by students, algorithms of solutions of the selected problems, and correct answers to the tests.

This tutorial guide is prepared for students and teachers of the English-speaking Division at the Pathophysiology Department.

  1. 01Preface
  2. 02I. Modules
    1. 1. The subject matter of pathophysiology. General nosology
      1. Сomponents of the subject matter of pathophysiology
      2. Nosology
        1. The notion of disease
        2. Basic concepts of nosology
      3. Etiology
        1. Reactivity
        2. Stages of disease
        3. Pathogenesis
        4. Vicious cycles in the pathogenesis of disease
        5. Methods of pathophysiology
        6. Case problems
    2. 2. Cell injury and cell death
      1. Common causes of cell injury
      2. Mechanisms of cell injury
      3. Cell adaptation to injury
      4. Forms of cell death include necrosis and apoptosis
      5. Mechanisms of apoptosis
      6. Case problems
        1. N 1
        2. Questions
        3. N 2
        4. Questions
        5. N 3
        6. Questions
        7. N 4
        8. Questions
      7. Tests
    3. 3. Hereditary disorders
      1. Mutations
      2. Classification of mutations
        1. I. Single-base or point mutations
        2. II. Сhromosome mutations
        3. III. Genome mutations
      3. Сategories of genetic disorders
        1. Monogenic (Mendelian) disorders
        2. Autosome-dominant disorders
        3. Autosome-recessive disorders
        4. X-linked disorders
      4. Complex disease traits
      5. Chromosome disorders
      6. Case problems
        1. N 1
        2. Questions
        3. N 2
        4. Questions
        5. N 3
        6. Questions
        7. N 4
        8. Questions
        9. N 5
        10. Questions
        11. N 6
        12. Questions
      7. Tests
      8. Correct answers
    4. 4. Disorders of regional circulation and microcirculation
      1. Disorders of regional circulation
      2. Microcirculatory disorders
        1. Intravascular disturbances of microcirculation
        2. Transmural disturbances of microcirculation
      3. Extravascular disturbances
      4. Case problems
        1. N 1
        2. Questions
        3. N 2
        4. Questions
        5. N 3
        6. Questions
        7. N 4
        8. Questions
        9. N 5
        10. Questions
        11. N 6
        12. Questions
      5. Tests
    5. 5. Pathophysiology of inflammation
      1. Inflammatory mediators
      2. Chemotaxis
        1. Recognition and attachment
        2. Killing and degradation
      3. Local and systemic effects of inflammation
      4. Case problems
        1. N 1
        2. Questions
        3. N 2
        4. Questions
        5. N 3
        6. Questions
        7. N 4
        8. Questions
        9. Tests
      5. Correct answers
    6. 6. Disorders of thermoregulation. Fever
      1. Hypothermia
      2. Fever
        1. Patterns of fever
      3. Hyperthermia
      4. Hyperthermic reaction
      5. Case problems
        1. N 1
        2. Questions
        3. N 2
        4. Questions
        5. N 3
        6. Questions
        7. N 4
        8. Questions
        9. N 5
        10. Questions
      6. Tests
      7. Correct answers
    7. 7. Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism. Diabetes mellitus
      1. Hypoglycemia
        1. Hypoglycemic encephalopathy and coma
      2. Hyperglycemia
      3. Glycogen storage diseases
      4. Pentosemias. Hexosemias
        1. Galactosemia
        2. Fructosemia (fructose intolerance)
      5. Diabetes mellitus
      6. Case problems
        1. N 1
        2. Questions
        3. N 2
        4. Questions
        5. N 3
        6. Questions
        7. N 4
        8. Questions
      7. Tests
      8. Correct answers
    8. 8. Disorders of lipid metabolism. Atherosclerosis
      1. Typical disorders of lipid metabolism include:
      2. Hyperlipidemia
      3. Hypolipidemia
      4. Dyslipidemia
      5. Obesity
      6. Lipodystrophy
      7. Lipidoses
      8. Atherosclerosis
      9. Case problems
        1. N 1
        2. Questions
        3. N 2
        4. Questions
        5. N 3
        6. Questions
        7. N 4
        8. Questions
        9. N 5
        10. Questions
      10. Tests
    9. 9. Disorders of water and electrolyte balance. Edema
      1. Hypohydration
      2. Hyperhydration
      3. Edema
        1. Classification of edema
      4. Case problems
        1. N 1
        2. Questions
        3. N 2
        4. Questions
        5. N 3
        6. Questions
        7. N 4
        8. Questions
      5. Tests
      6. Correct answers
    10. 10. Disturbances of acid-base balance
      1. Acidosis
      2. Alkalosis
        1. Types of disorders of acid-base balance
      3. Metabolic acidosis
      4. Metabolic alkalosis
      5. Respiratory acidosis
      6. Respiratory alkalosis
      7. Case problems
        1. N 1
        2. Questions
        3. N 2
        4. Questions
        5. N 3
        6. Questions
      8. Tests
      9. Correct answers
    11. 11. Pathophysiology of hypoxia
      1. Exogenous hypoxia
      2. Respiratory hypoxia
      3. Anemic hypoxia
      4. Circulatory hypoxia
      5. Histotoxic hypoxia
      6. Substrate hypoxia
      7. Overutilization hypoxia
        1. Fulminant hypoxia
        2. Acute hypoxia
        3. Chronic hypoxia
        4. Signs of acute hypoxia and compensatory mechanisms
      8. Case problems
        1. N 1
        2. Questions
        3. N 2
        4. Questions
        5. N 3
        6. Questions
        7. N 4
        8. Questions
        9. N 5
        10. Questions
        11. N 6
        12. Questions
        13. N 7
        14. Questions
      9. Tests
      10. Correct answers
    12. 12. Disorders of the host defense system
      1. Immunological deficiency syndromes
        1. Primary immunodeficiencies
      2. Pathological tolerance
      3. Graft-versus-host disease
      4. Allergies
        1. Types of allergy according to P. Gell & R. Coombs (1963)
        2. Type I hypersensitivity reaction (anaphylactic type)
        3. Type II hypersensitivity reaction
        4. Type III hypersensitivity (immune complex mediated) reaction
        5. Type IV hypersensitivity reaction
      5. Autoimmune diseases (diseases of immune autoaggression)
      6. Case problems
        1. N 1
        2. Questions
        3. N 2
        4. Questions
        5. N 3
        6. Questions
        7. N 4
        8. Questions
        9. N 5
        10. Questions
        11. N 6
        12. Questions
        13. N 7
        14. Questions
        15. N 8
        16. Questions
        17. N 9
        18. Questions
        19. N 10
        20. Questions
        21. N 11
        22. Questions
        23. N 12
        24. Questions
        25. N 13
        26. Questions
      7. Tests
      8. Correct answers
    13. 13. Disorders of tissue growth. Tumors
      1. Tumors
        1. Differences between benign and malignant tumors
        2. Chemical carcinogenesis
        3. Steps involved in chemical carcinogenesis
        4. Oncogenic viruses and types of induced tumors
      2. Antineoplastic mechanisms
      3. Case problems
        1. N 1
        2. Questions
        3. N 2
        4. Questions
        5. N 3
        6. Questions
        7. N 4
        8. Questions
        9. N 5
        10. Questions
      4. Tests
      5. Correct answers
    14. 14. Pathophysiology of toxicomania, alcoholism, drug addiction
      1. Stages of alcoholism
        1. Stage I (psychological dependence)
        2. Stage II (physical dependence)
        3. Stage III
      2. General mechanisms of drug addiction and alcoholism
      3. Case problems
        1. N 1
        2. Questions
        3. N 2
        4. Questions
        5. N 3
        6. Questions
      4. Tests
    15. 15. Pathophysiology of emergency states
      1. Collapse
      2. Coma
        1. Causes of coma
      3. Shock
        1. Hypovolemic shock
        2. Cardiogenic shock
        3. Extracardiac obstructive shock
        4. Distributive shock
        5. Pathogenesis of shock
      4. Case problems
        1. N 1
        2. Questions
        3. N 2
        4. Questions
        5. N 3
        6. Questions
        7. N 4
        8. Questions
        9. N 5
        10. Questions
      5. Tests
      6. Correct answers
    16. 16. Disorder of the red blood cell system. Anemia. Erythrocytosis
      1. Anemia
        1. Anemia due to blood loss
        2. Hemolytic anemia
        3. Anemia due to deficient erythropoiesis
      2. Erythrocytosis
      3. Case problems
        1. N 1
        2. Questions
        3. N 2
        4. Questions
        5. N 3
        6. Questions
        7. N 4
        8. Questions
        9. N 5
        10. Questions
        11. N 6
        12. Questions
      4. Tests
      5. Correct answers
    17. 17. Pathology of the white blood cell system. Leukocytosis and leukopenia. Leukemoid reactions
      1. Leukopenia
        1. Neutropenia
        2. Lymphopenia
      2. Leukocytosis
        1. Neutrophilia
        2. Monocytosis
        3. Eosinophilia
        4. Lymphocytosis
      3. Leukemoid reaction
      4. Case problems
        1. N 1
        2. Questions
        3. N 2
        4. Questions
        5. N 3
        6. Questions
        7. N 4
        8. Questions
        9. N 5
        10. Questions
        11. N 6
        12. Questions
      5. Tests
      6. Correct answers
    18. 18. Malignancies of hematopoietic cells (hemoblastosis)
      1. Case problems
        1. N 1
        2. Questions
        3. N 2
        4. Questions
        5. N 3
        6. Questions
      2. Tests
      3. Correct answers
    19. 19. Pathology of hemostasis
      1. Thrombotic syndrome
      2. Hemorrhagic syndrome
      3. Thrombo-hemorrhagic syndrome
      4. Case problems
        1. N 1
        2. Questions
        3. N 2
        4. Questions
        5. N 3
        6. Questions
        7. N 4
        8. Questions
        9. N 5
        10. Questions
        11. N 6
        12. Questions
        13. N 7
        14. Questions
      5. Tests
      6. Correct answers
    20. 20. Cardiac abnormalities: myocardial ischemia (coronary insufficiency)
      1. 1. Partial or total coronary obstruction
      2. 2. Increase in myocardial metabolic demands
      3. 3. Acute drop in systemic arterial pressure
      4. 4. Reduction in the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood
      5. Case problems
        1. N 1
        2. Questions
        3. N 2
        4. Questions
        5. N 3
        6. Questions
        7. Tests
      6. Correct answers
    21. 21. Heart disease: arrhythmia
      1. Disorders of impulse initiation
        1. Abnormal automaticity of sinoatrial node
      2. Disorders of impulse conduction
        1. I. Slow conduction or block of conduction
        2. II. Unidirectional block and reentry
        3. III. Accelerated conduction
      3. Simultaneous abnormalities of impulse generation and conduction
      4. Case problems
        1. N 1
        2. Questions
        3. N 2
        4. Questions
        5. N 3
        6. Questions
      5. Tests
      6. Correct answers
    22. 22. Cardiac abnormalities: heart failure
      1. Types of heart failure
        1. Systolic versus diastolic failure
        2. High-output versus low-output heart failure
        3. Acute versus chronic heart failure
        4. Right-sided versus left-sided heart failure
        5. Symptoms and their mechanisms in left-sided heart failure
        6. Symptoms and their mechanisms in right-sided heart failure
        7. Compensatory mechanisms
      2. Ventricular remodeling
      3. Case problems
        1. N 1
        2. Questions
        3. N 2
        4. Questions
        5. N 3
        6. Questions
        7. N 4
        8. Questions
      4. Tests
    23. 23. Disorders of systemic blood pressure. Arterial hypertension and hypotension
      1. Types of arterial hypertension
      2. Primary arterial hypertension
        1. Pathophysiological characteristics of essential hypertension
        2. Hemodynamic patterns
        3. Genetic predisposition
        4. Renal retention of excess sodium
        5. Defects in cell transport or binding
        6. Vascular hypertrophy
        7. Sympathetic nervous hyperactivity
        8. The renin–angiotensin system
        9. Hyperinsulinemia / insulin resistance
        10. Endothelial cell dysfunction
      3. Secondary hypertension
        1. Renal arterial hypertension
        2. Endocrine hypertension
        3. Neurogenic hypertension
        4. Arterial hypertension associated with changes in the blood cells
      4. Arterial hypotension
      5. Case problems
        1. N 1
        2. Questions
        3. N 2
      6. N 3
        1. Questions
        2. N 4
        3. Questions
        4. N 5
        5. Questions
        6. N 6
        7. Questions
        8. N 7
        9. Questions
        10. N 8
        11. Questions
      7. Tests
      8. Correct answers
    24. 24. Respiratory system disorders
      1. Disorders of alveolar ventilation
        1. Alveolar hyperventilation
        2. Alveolar hypoventilation
        3. Obstructive hypoventilation
        4. Restrictive hypoventilation
        5. Dysfunction of respiratory control
      2. Disorders of pulmonary circulation
      3. Disturbances of diffusive capacity of the lungs
      4. Ventilation/perfusion mismatch
      5. Acute respiratory distress syndrome
      6. Case problems
        1. N 1
        2. Questions
        3. N 2
        4. Questions
        5. N 3
        6. Questions
        7. N 4
        8. Questions
        9. N 5
        10. Questions
      7. Tests
      8. Correct answers
    25. 25. Digestion disorders
      1. Disorders of appetite
        1. Anorexia
        2. Rapid satiety
        3. Bulimia
        4. Parorexia
      2. Disorders of oral digestion
        1. Dysfunction of salivary glands
      3. Disorders of esophagus
      4. Dysfunction of stomach
        1. Disorders of the secretory function
      5. Disorders of motor function
        1. Hypotonia
        2. Hypertonia
      6. Malabsorption syndrome
      7. Peptic ulcers
      8. Case problems
        1. N 1
        2. Questions
        3. N 2
        4. Questions
        5. N 3
        6. Questions
        7. N 4
        8. Questions
      9. Test problems
      10. Correct answers
    26. 26. Liver disorders. Jaundice
      1. Liver failure
      2. Hepatic coma
      3. Jaundice
        1. Characteristic features of hemolytic jaundice
        2. Characteristic features of obstructive jaundice
      4. Case problems
        1. N 1
        2. Questions
        3. N 2
        4. Questions
        5. N 3
        6. Questions
        7. N 4
        8. Questions
      5. Tests
      6. Correct answers
    27. 27. Kidney disorders
      1. Acute renal failure
        1. Prerenal azotemia (prerenal acute renal failure)
        2. Intrinsic renal azotemia
        3. Nephrotoxic acute renal failure
      2. Chronic renal failure
        1. Pathophysiology and biochemistry of uremia
      3. Nephrotic syndrome
      4. Nephritic syndrome
      5. Case problems
        1. N 1
        2. Questions
        3. N 2
        4. Questions
        5. N 3
        6. Questions
        7. N 4
        8. Questions
        9. N 5
        10. Questions
      6. Tests
      7. Correct answers
    28. 28. Disorders of the endocrine system. Pituitary disorders
      1. Deficiency states
        1. Hormone excess
        2. Production of abnormal hormones
        3. Hormone resistance
      2. Pituitary disorders
        1. Hypopituitarism
        2. Hyperpituitarism
      3. Case problems
        1. N 1
        2. Questions
        3. N 2
        4. Questions
        5. N 3
        6. Questions
      4. Tests
      5. Correct answers
    29. 29. Disorders of adrenal and sex glands
      1. Pathophysiology of adrenal disorder
        1. Primary total chronic adrenocortical deficiency, Addison’s disease
        2. Secondary total adrenocortical insufficiency
        3. Partial adrenocortical insufficiency
      2. Pathophysiology of sex glands
        1. Disorders of ovarian function
      3. Case problems
        1. N 1
        2. Questions
        3. N 2
        4. Questions
        5. N 3
        6. Questions
        7. N 4
        8. Questions
      4. Tests
      5. Correct answers
    30. 30. Disorders of the thyroid and parathyroid
      1. Hypothyroidism
      2. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
      3. Iodide-induced goiter with or without hypothyroidism
      4. Thyrotoxicosis
        1. Graves disease
      5. Typical disorders of parathyroid glands
        1. Hyperfunction of the parathyroid gland
        2. Hypofunction of the parathyroid gland
      6. Case problems
        1. N 1
        2. Questions
        3. N 2
        4. Questions
        5. N 3
        6. Questions
        7. N 4
        8. Questions
        9. N 5
        10. Questions
        11. N 6
        12. Questions
      7. Tests
      8. Correct answers
    31. 31. Disorders of the nervous system. Disorders of locomotion and sensation
      1. Disorders of locomotion
        1. Hypokinetic movement disorders
      2. Hyperkinetic movement disorders
      3. Disorders of sensation
        1. Abnormal sensory phenomena
        2. Types of sensation disorders
      4. Cases
        1. N 1
        2. Questions
        3. N 2
        4. Questions
        5. N 3
        6. Questions
        7. Tests
      5. Correct answers
    32. 32. Pathophysiology of pain
      1. Types of pain
      2. Clinical types of pain syndromes
      3. Antinociceptive (analgesic) system
        1. Mechanisms of pain control
        2. Gate control of pain impulses at the level of the spinal cord
      4. Case problems
        1. N 1
        2. Questions
        3. N 2
        4. Questions
        5. N 3
        6. Questions
      5. Tests
      6. Correct answers
    33. 33. Pathophysiology of neurosis
      1. Dissociative (conversion) disorder
      2. Somatoform disorders
        1. Hypochondriasis
        2. Somatization disorder
      3. Phobic disorders
      4. Obsessive-compulsive disorder
      5. Neurasthenia
        1. Panic disorder (F 41.0)
      6. Case problems
        1. N 1
        2. Questions
        3. N 2
        4. Questions
        5. N 3
        6. Questions
      7. Tests
      8. Correct answers
  3. 03II. Clinical and laboratory case problems
    1. Hypoxia
      1. Normal parameters of arterial blood gases
      2. Define the type of hypoxia and explain its possible cause(s) and mechanisms of development
    2. Acid-base disorders
      1. Normal parameters of acid-base balance in capillary blood
      2. Define the type of acid-base imbalance and explain its possible mechanism of development
    3. Pathophysiology of the blood system
      1. Normal results of complete blood count with differential
    4. Jaundice
      1. Parameters of bilirubin pigment metabolism
    5. Kidney disorders
      1. Normal parameters of renal function
      2. N 63*
      3. N 64
      4. N 65
      5. N 66
      6. N 67
      7. N 68
      8. N 69
      9. N 70
      10. N 71
      11. N 72
  4. 04III. Examples and algorithm of case solution
    1. Module 5
    2. Module 7
    3. Module 12
    4. Module 22
    5. Module 24
    6. Module 27
    7. Module 30
    8. Clinical and laboratory cases
      1. N 6
      2. N 11
      3. N 53
      4. N 63
  5. 05Literature

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